Bibliography - is continually updated and used for inferences made.

Ad Adopt Moreletaspruit Forum (2014). Newsletter 13. December 2014

Al Alley, E.R. (2007) Water Quality Control Handbook. Second Edition. WEF Press. NY

Ar Armitage, N., Fisher-Jeffes, L., Carden, K., Winter, K., Naidoo, V., Spiegel, A., Mauck, B. & Coulson, D. (2014). Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) for South Africa: Framework and guidelines. WRC Report No. TT 588/14

As Ashley, R.M., Nowell, R., Gersonius, B. & Walker, L. (2011). Editor: T.D. Evans. Surface Water management and Urban Green Infrastructure – A Review of Potential Benefits and UK and International Practices. Foundation for Water Research. Bucks, UK

Av Averett, Robert C. & McKnight, Diane M. (1987). Chemical Quality of Water and the Hydrologic Cycle (Chapter 10 Role of anaerobic zones and processes in stream ecosystem productivity). Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan. Printed in the United States of America

Ba Bahri, A. (2012). Integrated Urban Water Management. TEC Background Papers No 16. Global Water Partnership Technical Committee. Stockholm, Sweden

…
Integrated urban water management (IUWM) promises a better approach
than the current system, in which water supply, sanitation, stormwater
and wastewater are managed by isolated entities, and all four are separated
from land-use planning and economic development. IUWM calls for
the alignment of urban development and basin management to achieve
sustainable economic, social, and environmental goals.
…
Water reclamation and reuse close the loop between water supply and
wastewater disposal. Integration of these two water management functions
requires forward-looking planning, a supportive institutional setting,
coordination of infrastructure and facilities, public health protection,
wastewater treatment technology and siting appropriate to end uses,
treatment process reliability, water utility management, and public
acceptance and participation.
…
Adopting IUWM and its adaptive, iterative processes will help cities
significantly reduce the number of people without access to water and
sanitation by providing water services of appropriate quantity and quality,
thereby improving the health and productivity of urban residents.

Bb Barker, A.V. & Bryson, G.M. (2002). Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Organic Toxicants by Composting. The Scientific World (2002) 2, 407–420

Hazardous organic and metallic residues or by-products can enter into plants, soils, and sediments from processes associated with domestic, municipal, agricultural, industrial, and military activities. Handling, ingestion, application to land or other distributions of the contaminated materials into the environment might render harm to humans, livestock, wildlife, crops, or native plants. Considerable remediation of the hazardous wastes or contaminated plants, soils, and sediments can be accomplished by composting. High microbial diversity and activity during composting, due to the abundance of substrates in feedstocks, promotes degradation of xenobiotic organic compounds, such as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). For composting of contaminated soils, noncontaminated organic matter should be cocomposted with the soils. Metallic pollutants are not degraded during composting but may be converted into organic combinations that have less bioavailability than mineral combinations of the metals. Degradation of organic contaminants in soils is facilitated by addition of composted or raw organic matter, thereby increasing the substrate levels for cometabolism of the contaminants. Similar to the composting of soils in vessels or piles, the on-site addition of organic matter to soils (sheet composting) accelerates degradation of organic pollutants and binds metallic pollutants. Recalcitrant materials, such as organochlorines, may not undergo degradation in composts or in soils, and the effects of forming organic complexes with metallic pollutants may be nonpermanent or short lived. The general conclusion is, however, that composting degrades or binds pollutants to innocuous levels or into innocuous compounds in the finished product.

Be Benidickson, J., Chalifour, N., Prévost, Y., Chandler, J., Dabrowski, A., Findlay, C.S., Déziel, A., McLeod-Kilmurray, H. & Lane, D. (2005). Practicing precaution and adaptive management: legal, institutional and procedural dimensions of scientific uncertainty. FINAL REPORT Submitted to SSHRC & Law Commission Of Canada June 2005

Bijla D.L., Bogaart P.W., Dekkera S.C., Van Vuuren D.P. (2018). Unpacking the nexus: Different spatial scales for water, food and energy. Global Environmental Change. 48 (2018) 22–31

Bi Binder, C. R., J. Hinkel, P. W. G. Bots, and C. Pahl-Wostl. 2013. Comparison of frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 18(4): 26

Bing, G (2015). … Unpublished presentation.

Bo Borne, K.E. (2014). Floating treatment wetland inﬂuences on the fate and removal performance of phosphorus in stormwater retention ponds. Ecological Engineering 69 (2014) 76–82

Bp Borne, K.E., Fassman-Beck, E.A., Tanner, C.C. (2014). Floating Treatment Wetland inﬂuences on the fate of metals in road runoff retention ponds. Water Research 48 (2014) 430e442

A field trial comparing the fate of metals in two parallel stormwater retention ponds, one of which was retrofitted with a Floating Treatment Wetland (FTW), was carried out near Auckland, New Zealand. Results suggest that the FTW increased metal accumulation in the pond sediment especially in summer due to lower sediment Eh, more anoxic water column, neutral pH and greater source of organic matter (OM) induced by the FTW. These factors combined with higher temperature enhanced metal sorption onto OM, flocculation of particulate pollutants, metal sulphide formation and reduced OM degradation and thus limited release of metals. Unlike Zn, Cu speciation in the pond sediment was relatively unchanged under various sediment Eh conditions due to its strong binding property with sulphide and OM. Occasional moderate metal release was detected from the FTW pond sediment likely due to aerobic OM degradation at the beginning of spring and/or hydroxides reduction when sediments became reduced later in the season. No release was noticed from the conventional pond sediment likely due to biosorption and/or uptake by algae which developed in the conventional pond and settled on the bottom sediment. Direct uptake by the plants of the FTW and sorption onto root plaques are not thought to be significant removal pathways. Nevertheless roots play a major role in trapping particulate pollutants, eventually sloughing off to settle on the bottom of the pond, and provide an adequate substrate for bacterial development due to release of organic compounds which are both essential for dissolved metal sorption and metal sulphide formation.

Br Brand, K. & Klein, R. (2012). Embedding urban sustainability into IDP's and SDBIP's. Journal of the Institute of Municipal Finance Officers. 12 (4)

Bs Brown, K. & Westaway, E. (2011). Agency, Capacity, and Resilience to Environmental Change: Lessons from Human Development, Well-Being, and Disasters. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2011. 36:321–42

Bt Brown, R.R. & Farrelly, M.A. (2009). Delivering sustainable urban water management: a review of the hurdles we face. Water Science & Technology, 59 (5)

Sustainable urban water management (SUWM) requires an integrated, adaptive, coordinated and participatory approach. Current urban water policies are beginning to reflect this understanding yet the rhetoric is often not translated to implementation. Despite the 'new' philosophy, urban water management remains a complex and fragmented area relying on traditional, technical, linear management approaches. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the barriers to change, there has been little systematic review of what constitutes the scope of such barriers and how these should be addressed to advance SUWM. To better understand why implementation fails to occur beyond ad hoc project interventions, an extensive literature review of observed and studied barriers was conducted. Drawing on local, national and international literature from the field of integrated urban water management and other similar fields, 53 studies were assessed, resulting in a typology of 12 barrier types. The analysis revealed the barriers are largely socio-institutional rather than technical, reflecting issues related to community, resources, responsibility, knowledge, vision, commitment and coordination. Furthermore, the meta-analysis demonstrated a paucity of targeted strategies for overcoming the stated institutional barriers. Evaluation of the typology in relation to capacity building suggests that these systemic issues require a sophisticated programme of change that focuses on fostering social capital, inter-sectoral professional development, and inter-organisational coordination.

Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. 4th Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

C0 Cano, P.A., Jaramillo-Baquero, M., Henry Zú~niga-Benítez, H., Yudy A. Londo~no, Y.A., Pe~nuela, G.A. (2020). Use of simulated sunlight radiation and hydrogen peroxide in azithromycin removal from aqueous solutions: Optimization & mineralization analysis. Emerging Contaminants. Vol 6, p 53-61

Ca Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O. & Rivett, U. (2008). The management of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa, Urban Water Journal, 5:4, 329-343

Cb Carden, K., Fisher-Jeffes, L., Coulson, D. & Armitage, N.P. (2013). Water-sensitive urban settlements - Integrating design, planning and management

Cc Carlsson, F.H.H. (2003). Elementary handbook of water disinfection. WRC Report No. TT 205/03. City of Tshwane

Cd Chan, F.K.S., Griffiths, J.A., Higget, D., Xu, S., Zhu, F., Tang, Y-T., Xu, Y. & Thorne, C.R. (2018). A breakthrough of planning and flood risk in the urban context. Land Use Policy xxxx

Ch Chan, Y.J., Chong, M.F., Law, C.L. & Hassell, D.G. (2009). A review on anaerobic–aerobic treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal 155 (2009) 1–18

Ci City of Tshwane (CoT) (2012). Menlyn Node and Surrounding Areas Spatial Development Framework. CoT

Co Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Act No. 108 of 1996. Government Gazette, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 107, 1996.

Corcoran, E., C. Nellemann, E. Baker, R. Bos, D. Osborn, H. Savelli (eds). 2010. Sick Water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal

Cr Crous, P., Haarhoff, J. & Buckley, C.A. (2013). Water demand characteristics of shared water and sanitation facilities: Experiences from community ablution blocks in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa. Water SA Vol. 39 No 3 WISA 2012 Special Edition 2013

The provision of communal water and sanitation facilities has been mandated by the South African Government as an interim measure for informal settlement upgrading. These services form the first step in the upgrading process and are essential in meeting the basic needs of the community. The eThekwini municipality is rolling out community ablution blocks to informal settlements throughout their jurisdiction. This paper investigates the water demand characteristics of these community ablution blocks, and provides a detailed methodology for collecting the data, which provides the 15-minute peak and average water demand. The results from January to November 2012 indicate that the majority of the water supply (60%) is used for laundry purposes, which includes the water used in the laundry basins and from the tap for off-site consumption, while the water demand for toilet flushing accounts for 16% of the total water supply from each facility. The peak and average water demand can be used for future hydraulic modelling of these, and other, communal ablution facilities.

Cs CSIR Building and Construction Technology (Red Book). (2000). Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design Volume 1& 2. Compiled under the patronage of the Department of Housing

Da Daigger, G.T. (2012). The IWA Cities of the Future Approach to Achieving a Resilient Water Supply System- Pursuing Safety, Sustainability and Environmental Friendliness. The 9th International Symposium on Water Supply Technology. Yokohama, Japan.

Db Dallas, H.F. & Day, J.A. (2004). The effect of water quality variables on aquatic ecosystems: a review. Report to the WRC by the Freshwater Research Unit UCT, WRC Report No. TT 224/04

D0 Davies, P.S. (2005). The Biological Basis of Wastewater Treatment. Strathkelvin Instruments Ltd. Glasgow, UK

Db Davis, A.P., Traver, R.G. & Hunt, W.F. (2010). Improving Urban Stormwater Quality: Applying Fundamental Principles. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education Issue 146, Pages 3-10

De Decker, E.H., Elliot, S., Smith, F.A., Blake, D.R. & Rowland, F.S. 2000. Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 2000. 25:685–740

Df De Graaf, R.E. (2009). Innovations in urban water management to reduce the vulnerability of cities - feasibility, case studies and governance. Leven met Water research program, project number P1002. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft

Dg Department of Water Affairs & Forestry (1997). Water Services Act No 108 Of 1997. Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol 390, No 18522, 19 December 1997

Dewulf A, Karpouzoglou T, Warner J, et al. The power to define resilience in social–hydrological systems: Toward a power-sensitive resilience framework. WIREs Water. 2019;6:e1377. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1377

Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (1998). Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials: Volume 3 of Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi

Du Plessis, C. & Cole, R. J. (2011). Motivating change: shifting the paradigm. Building Research & Information. 39 (5), 436-449

While improvements in sustainable building design and construction practice can be made within existing norms and conventions, this paper has argued that the necessary significant and lasting gains will not be achieved without a consistent, overarching shift in the way that things are currently framed. Such a reframing should be premised on establishing and maintaining a symbiotic and regenerative relationship between human society and the social–ecological systems within which it is embedded. While the idea of the need for a new paradigm is certainly not new and has been emphasized in many disciplines, its consequences for the stakeholders in building design and construction have hitherto been relatively unexplored. Three major shifts in thinking that influence the model of sustainability in a whole/living systems paradigm have been identified in this paper: from complicated to complex systems, from an equilibrium to a non-equilibrium model, and from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric worldview. This leads to a view of sustainability that moves beyond a simplistic model of achieving balance between economy, society and environment to a model based on resilience and adaptive capacity and a co-evolutionary partnership between humans and the natural environment of which they form part that is aimed at the regeneration of social–ecological systems.

Dyer, B.D. (2008). Unseen diversity: the world of bacteria. Recorded Books LLC. Prince Frederick, Maryland

DWA (2012a). National Water Resource Strategy 2. DWA, City of Tshwane

Dh DWA (2012b). Support to the Implementation and Maintenance of the Reconciliation Strategy of the Crocodile West Water Supply System. DWA, City of Tshwane

Do Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D.M., Scholes, L., Lützhøft, H. & A. Ledin, A. (2010). Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 2444–2451

Du Du Plessis, C. & Cole, R. J. (2011). Motivating change: shifting the paradigm. Building Research & Information. 39(5), 436-449

Dy Dyer, B.D. (2008). Unseen diversity: the world of bacteria. Recorded Books LLC. Prince Frederick, Maryland

Ea Eales, K. (2013). Review of Community-Managed Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Indonesia. Water and Sanitation Program: Technical Paper. World Bank

Em Emanuel, E. (2010). International Overview of Best Practices in Wastewater Management. Global Environmental Facility. Washington DC, USA

Ep EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA) (2013). Adaptation Strategies Guide for Water Utilities

Eq EPA (2008). Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies - Heat Island Reduction Activities

Essandoh H.M.K., Tizaoui C. & Mohamed M.H.A. (2013). Removal of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen during simulated soil aquifer treatment. Water Research. 47 (2013). 3559 – 3572

Soil aquifer treatment was simulated in 1 m laboratory soil columns containing silica sand under saturated and unsaturated soil conditions to examine the effect of travel length through the unsaturated zone on the removal of wastewater organic matter, the effect of soil type on dissolved organic carbon removal and also the type of microorganisms involved in the removal process. Dissolved organic carbon removal and nitrification did enhance when the wastewater travelled a longer length through the unsaturated zone. A similar consortium of microorganisms was found to exist in both saturated and unsaturated columns. Microbial concentrations however were lowest in the soil column containing silt and clay in addition to silica sand. The presence of silt and clay was detrimental to DOC removal efficiency under saturated soil conditions due to their negative effect on the hydraulic performance of the soil column and microbial growth.

Ew eWISA (2014). http://www.ewisa.co.za/photolibrary/

Falco, G.J. & Webb, W.R. (2015). Water Microgrids: The Future of Water Infrastructure Resilience. Procedia Engineering. 118, 50 - 57

Fa FAWB (2009). Adoption Guidelines for Stormwater Biofiltration Systems. Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration, Monash University, June 2009

Fiksel, J. (2003). Designing Resilient, Sustainable Systems. Environmental Science and Technology. 37, 5330-5339

Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P. & Jon Norberg, J. (2005). Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2005. 30:441–73

Fonder, N. & Headley, T. (2013). The taxonomy of treatment wetlands: A proposed classification and nomenclature system. Ecological Engineering. 51 (2013) 203– 211

This paper proposes a structure for classifying and naming different treatment wetland (TW) design alternatives, based on physical design traits. A classification hierarchy is organised like a polychotomous key, from general classification criteria to wetland type identification. Three characteristics are typical of all TWs: the presence of macrophytic vegetation; the existence of water-logged or saturated substrate conditions for at least part of the time; and inflow of contaminated water with constituents to be removed. Treatment wetlands are further classified based on hydrology and vegetation characteristics. Hydrological traits relate to water position, flow direction, degree of saturation and position of influent loading. Based on the predominant position of water in the system, two main groups are identified: those with surface flow above a benthic substrate and those with subsurface flow through a porous media. The systems with surface flow are divided into three standard types, differentiated by vegetation type: Surface flow (SF), free-floating macrophyte (FFM), and floating emergent macrophyte (FEM) TWs. Subsurface flow systems always contain sessile emergent macrophytes and are divided into four standard types, based on flow direction: horizontal sub-surface flow (HSSF), vertical down flow (VDF), vertical up flow (VUF) and fill and drain (FaD) TWs. Standard types are described with their main applications. Associated variants are identified. An overview of intensified variants, which have elevated energy, chemical or operational inputs in order to increase efficiency or overcome process limitations, is also provided.

Foxon, K.M., Buckley, C.A., Brouckaert, C.J., Dama, P., Z Mtembu, Z., N Rodda, N., Smith, M., S Pillay, S., N Arjun, N., Lalbahadur, T. & F Bux, F. (2006). The evaluation of the anaerobic baffled reactor for sanitation in dense peri-urban settlements. WRC Report No 1248/01/06

Ga Gaius-obaseki, T. (2010). Hydropower opportunities in the water industry. International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1, No 3

Gb Gamage & Hyde (2012). A model based on Biomimicry to enhance ecologically sustainable design. Architectural Science Review, 55:3, 224-235

Gc Garrido-Cardenas, J.A., Esteban-García, B., Agüera, A., Sánchez-Pérez,J.A., Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2020). Wastewater Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Process and Their Worldwide Research Trends. Int. J. Environ. Res. & Public Health 2020, 17, 170

G0 Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. (2019). Water Reuse: Emerging Contaminants Elimination—Progress and Trends. Open Access Library Journal 2019, Vol 6

This work concentrates on the review paper published by Ahmed et al . [1]
which is dedicated to the elimination of emerging contaminants (ECs) using
biological, chemical and hybrid techniques in effluents from wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs). Endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) are better
reduced by a membrane bioreactor (MBR), activated sludge, and aeration
processes between various biological processes. Surfactants, EDCs and personal
care products (PCPs) may be well reduced using activated sludge
processes. Pesticides and pharmaceuticals manifested convenient reduction
performances by biological activated carbon. Microalgae treatment techniques
may diminish nearly all sorts of ECs to a certain degree. Additional
biological methods were observed less efficient in dealing with ECs. Chemical
oxidation techniques (like ozonation/H2O2, UV photolysis/H2O2, and photo-
Fenton) may greatly eliminate up to 100% of pesticides, beta-blockers, and
pharmaceuticals; at the same time, EDCs may be better reduced via ozonation
and UV photocatalysis. Fenton method was observed less efficient in treating
any sorts of ECs. A merged setup founded on ozonation pursued by biological
activated carbon was manifested hugely efficacious in eliminating pesticides,
beta-blockers, and pharmaceuticals. An integrated ozonation-ultrasound device
may eliminate until 100% of numerous pharmaceuticals. Next research
orientations to boost the elimination of ECs have been suggested.

G1 Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020). Eliminating Cyanobacteria and Controlling Algal Organic Matter—Short Notes. Open Access Library Journal, 7: e6252. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106252

Gh Ghunmi, L.A., Zeeman, G., Fayyad, M. & Van Lier, J.B. (2011). Grey Water Treatment Systems: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41:7, 657-698

Golafshani, N. 2003. Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report. Volume 8 Number 4 December 2003 597-607

Go Goonetilleke, A. & Yigitcanlar. T. (2010). The importance of a triple bottom line approach for safeguarding urban water quality. Paper presented at the 14th International Planning History Society Conference, 12-15 July 2010, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 2, pp. 452-462

Harrison, P., Bobbins, K., Culwick, C., Humby, T., La Mantia, C., Todes, A. & Weakley, D. (2014). Urban Resilience Thinking for Municipalities. University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng City-Region Observatory

Hu Huntsinger, L. & Oviedo, J.L. (2013). Ecosystem Services are Social–ecological Services in a Traditional Pastoral System: the Case of California’s Mediterranean Rangelands

Ie Imesa (2007). Gas to electricity: The way. IMIESA. July 2007

Ja Jacobsen, M., Webster, M. & Vairavamoorthy, K. (Eds.), (2013). The Future of Water in African Cities Why Waste Water? Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank

Ji Jiang, J.-Q., Zhou, Z. & Sharma V.K. (2013). Occurrence, transportation, monitoring and treatment of emerging micro-pollutants in waste water — A review from global views. Microchemical Journal 110 (2013) 292–300

Ju Jüttner, F. & Watson, S.B. (2007). Biochemical and Ecological Control of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Source Waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(14):4395

Ka Kaiser, M. & Storvik, H. (2004). The precautionary principle: between research and politics. The National Research Ethical Committee for Natural Science and Technology (NENT). Norway.

Kenny, J., Kumar, A. & Desha, C. (2013). Exploring a biomimicry based approach and key barriers to evolving water infrastructure systems. Sustainable Engineering Society (SEng) 2013 Conference, 18-20 September 2013, Canberra, Australia. (Unpublished)

K0 Khairia, U. (2015). UN-Water Analytical Brief: Wastewater Management

Kb Kaunda, C.S., Kimambo, C.Z. & Nielsena, T.K. 2014. A technical discussion on microhydropower technology and its turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Ke Kenny, J., Desha, C., Kumar, A. & Hargroves, C. (2012). Using biomimicry to inform urban infrastructure design that addresses 21st century needs. 1st International Conference on Urban Sustainability and Resilience: Conference Proceedings, UCL London, London, UK.

Kf Kenny, J., Kumar, A. & Desha, C. (2013). Exploring a biomimicry based approach and key barriers to evolving water infrastructure systems. Sustainable Engineering Society (SEng) 2013 Conference, 18-20 September 2013, Canberra, Australia. (Unpublished)

Ki Kidd, M. (2011). Poisoning the right to water in South Africa: What can the law do? International Journal of Rural law and Conflict. Special Edition - Water Law: Through the Lens of Conflict

Kj Kirchner, L., Bonzanigo, L., Stip, C., Rodríguez, D.J. & Ramirez Villegas, C. (2018). Urban water resilience. An Urban 20 (U20) White Paper. U20 is chaired by the cities of Buenos Aires and Paris, and convened by the Climate Leadership Group of C40 Cities, in collaboration with United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)

Langenbach, T. (Oct 2013). Persistence and Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs), Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches, Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao,IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/56418.

Non biodegradable molecules persist in the environment and the soil serves as a large sink for them. These pollutants are able to move in the environment and in low concentrations over a long period of time, but through bioaccumulation they can have hazardous effects on the biota of the region. This article focuses mainly on pesticides and some other POPs that contaminate large areas. The chemical characteristics of persistent molecules that are resistant to biodegradation will be discussed in the context of the environmental conditions
that enhance persistence.

Li Li, F., Wichmann, K. & Otterpohl, R. (2009). Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Science of the Total Environment. 407 (2009) 3439–3449

Lj Libralato, G., Ghirardini, A.V. & Avezzù, F. (2012). To centralise or to decentralise: An overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management. Journal of Environmental Management. 94 (61-68)

Ma Mander, Ü., Dotro, G., Ebie, Y., Towprayoon, S., Chiemchaisri, C., Nogueira, S.F., Jamsranjav, B., Kasak, K., Truu, J., Tournebize, J. & Mitsch, W.J. (2014). Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review. Ecological Engineering 66 (2014) 19–35

Mb Marlow, D.R., Moglia, M., Cook, S. & Beale, D.J. (2013). Towards sustainable urban water management: A critical reassessment. Water Research 47 (2013) 7150 - 7161

Within the literature, concerns have been raised that centralised urban water systems are maladapted to challenges associated with climate change, population growth and other socio-economic and environmental strains. This paper provides a critical assessment of the discourse that surrounds emerging approaches to urban water management and infrastructure provision. As such, 'sustainable urban water management' (SUWM) concepts are scrutinized to highlight the limitations and strengths in the current lines of argument and point towards unaddressed complexities in the transformational agendas advocated by SUWM proponents. Taking an explicit infrastructure view, it is shown that the specific context of the urban water sector means that changes to infrastructure systems occur as an incremental hybridisation process. This process is driven by a range of factors including lock-in effects of legacy solutions, normative values and vested interests of agents, cost and performance certainty and perceptions of risk. Different views of these factors help explain why transformational agendas have not achieved the change SUWM proponents call for and point to the need for a critical reassessment of the system effects and economics of alternative service provision models.

Mc McCarthy, T.S. (2011). The impact of acid mine drainage in South Africa. South African Journal of Science. 107(5/6), Art. #712, 7 pages. doi:10.4102/sajs.v107i5/6.712

Md Meng, F., Fu, G., Butler, D. (2016). Water quality permitting: From end-of-pipe to operational strategies. Water Research 101 (2016) 114-126

Me Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. (2004). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. Fourth Edition, ISBN 007-124140-X. McGraw-Hill, New York

Mi Milman, A., Short, A. 2008. Incorporating resilience into sustainability indicators: An example for the urban water sector. Global Environmental Change 18 (2008) 758–767

N0 National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), 1998. Pretoria, South Africa

Na NATIONAL WATER ACT (1998) Act No 36 of 1998, Government Gazette No. 19182. Government Printer, Pretoria, RSA. 200 pp

Nd Naddeoa, V., Secondes, M.F.N., Borea, L., Hasan, S.W., Ballesteros Jr. F., Belgiorno, V. (2020). Removal of contaminants of emerging concern from real wastewater by an innovative hybrid membrane process – UltraSound, Adsorption, and Membrane ultrafiltration (USAMe®). Ultrasonics – Sonochemistry, 68 (2020)

Ne Nelson, V. (2008). New approaches in decentralized water infrastructure. Coalition for Alternative Wastewater Treatment. Gloucester, MA

Nf Neumann, J. (2009). Adaptation to Climate Change: Revisiting Infrastructure Norms. Resources for the Future. Washington, DC

Ng Nguyen, H., Turgeon, S. & Matte, J. (2010). The Anaerobic Baffled Reactor. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA

Norcross, J.C., Krebs, P.M. and Prochaska, J.O. (2010). Stages of change. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In session, 67, 143 – 154

No Novotny, V. (2008). A New Paradigm of Sustainable Urban Drainage and Water Management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 32 (2012), 157-172

Np Novotny, V. (2013). Water–energy nexus: retrofitting urban areas to achieve zero pollution, Building Research & Information, 41 (5), 589-604

NZ (New Zealand) Government (2008). Coastal Hazards and Climate Change. A Guidance Manual for Local Government in New Zealand. 2nd edition. Revised by Ramsay, D, and Bell, R. (NIWA). Prepared for Ministry for the Environment. viii+127 p

Oe Oelofse, S.H.H., Roux, S., De Lange, W., Mahumani, B.K., Le Roux, W., Du Preez, M., Greben, H.A., & Steyn, M. (2012). A comparison of the cost associated with pollution prevention measures to that required to treat polluted water resources. CSIR

Ol Olatunde, O.C., Kuvarega, A.T., Onwudiwe, D.C. (2020). Photo enhanced degradation of contaminants of emerging concern in waste water. Emerging Contaminants. Vol 6, p 283-302

Ow Owusu-Asante, Y. (2009). Decision support system for managing stormwater and greywater quality in informal settlements in South Africa. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Wits. Jhb

Pariatamby, A., Kee, Y.L. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants management and remediation. Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 842 – 848

Pa Parsons, D., Marcet, E.C., Jeffrey, P. (2012). Carbon sensitive urban water futures. Transitions To The Urban Water Services Of Tomorrow EU Program

Pb Patoczka, J. (2006). TDS and sludge generation impacts from use of chemicals in wastewater treatment. Water Environment Foundation

Pi Pixabay (2014). http://pixabay.com/

Prochaska, J.O., Wright, J.A. and Velicer, W.F. (2008). Evaluating theories of health behavior change: hierarchy of criteria applied to the transtheoretical model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57 (4), 561 – 568

Qi Qiu G., Li H., Zhang Q., Chen W., Liang X. And LI X. (2012). Effects of Evapotranspiration on Mitigation of Urban Temperature by Vegetation and Urban Agriculture. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 12(8): 1307-1315

Re Reed, P.A. (2004). A Paradigm Shift: Biomimicry. Technology Teacher. Vol. 63 Issue 4, p23-27

Rf Rees, W. (2010). What’s blocking sustainability? Human nature, cognition, and denial. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy. 6(2)

Rg Reuter, S. (2011). How to make decentralized sanitation central to thinking and practice. BORDA. Bremen

Rh Revitt, D.M., Eriksson, E. & Donner, E. (2011). The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads. Water Research 45 (2011) 1549 - 1560

Ri Rist, L., Felton, A., Lars S., Sandström, C. & Rosvall, O. (2013). A New Paradigm for Adaptive Management. Ecology and Society 18(4): 63

Ro Roberts, D., Boon, R., Diederichs, N., Douwes, E., Govender, N., Mcinnes, A., Mclean, C., O’donoghue, S. & Spires, M. (2012). Exploring ecosystem-based adaptation in Durban, South Africa: “learning-by-doing” at the local government coal face. Environment and Urbanization 2012 24: 167

Rp Rodda, N., Carden, K., Armitage, N. & Du Plessis, H.M. (2011). Guidelines For Sustainable Use Of Greywater In Small-scale Agriculture And Gardens In South Africa. Water SA vol.37 no.5

Rq Rotimi, A.J. (2011). A decision support system for assessing the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse in South Africa. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg

Sa SALGA (2015). http://salga.org.za/NewsArticle/203

Sb Sandin, P., Peterson, M., Hansson, S.O., Rudén, C. & Juthe, A. (2011). Five charges against the precautionary principle. Journal of Risk Research, 5:4, 287-299

Sc Sauvé, S. and Desrosiers, M. (2014): A review of what is an emerging contaminant. Chemistry Central Journal 2014 8:15.

Sd Schaffler, A. & Swilling, M. 2012. Valuing green infrastructure in an urban environment under pressure — The Johannesburg case. Ecological Economics (2012)

Se Schneider, M. & Bláha, L. (2020) Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water. Environmental Sciences Europe.

S0 Silberbauer 2014. Image of Roodeplaat Dam. Retrieved on 08 My ‘15 from http://blog.dhec.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMG_6085-Roodeplaat-Dam-jetty-facing-northeast-2014-11-28.jpg

Si Siebert, T. (2013). Is greywater recycling sustainable? W&S Africa May/June 2013

Sj Singh, K. (2013). Decentralised Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS). www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6.%20Singh-UNHABITAT.pdf‎. Accessed 31/01/2014

St Stagge, J.H. & Davis, A.P. (2006). Water Quality Benefits of Grass Swales in Managing Highway Runoff, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Sv Stankey, G.H., Clark, R.N. & Bormann, B.T. (2005). Adaptive Management of Natural Resources: Theory, Concepts, and Management Institutions. United States Department of Agriculture

Sw Štefanac, T.; Grgas, D.; Landeka Dragiˇcevi´c, T. (2021) Xenobiotics—Division and Methods of Detection: A Review. J. Xenobiot. 2021, 11, 130–141.

Su Sudhakaran, S., Lattemann, S. & Amy, G.L. (2013). Appropriate drinking water treatment processes for organic micropollutants removal based on experimental and model studies — A multi-criteria analysis study. Science of the Total Environment 442 (2013) 478–488

Sw Swilling, M. & Annecke, E. 2006. Building sustainable neighbourhoods in South Africa: learning from the Lynedoch case. Environment & Urbanization Vol 18(2): 315–332

Ta Taylor, G.D., Fletcher, T.D., Wong, T.H.F., Breen, P.F. & Duncan, H.P. (2005)Nitrogen composition in urban runoff—implications for stormwater management. Water Research 39 (2005) 1982–1989

Te Tesfamariam, E.H., Annandale, J.G., De Jager, P.C., Mbakwe, I., Van der Merwe, P., Nobela, L. & Van der Laan, M. 2012. Sustainable agricultural use of municipal wastewater sludge: matching nutrient supply and demand. Department of Plant Production and Soil Science University of Pretoria

Th Theunissen, N (2014). Enough to plug disaster. Water Sewage & Effluent November 2014

Ti Tidball, K. & Stedman, R. (2012). Positive dependency and virtuous cycles: From resource dependence to resilience in urban social-ecological systems. Ecological Economics 86 (2012) 292–299

To Todes, A. 2008. ‘Rethinking Spatial Planning’, Town and Regional Planning, 53, 10-14

Ty Tyler, S. & Moench, M. (2013). A framework for urban climate resilience. Climate and Development, 4(4), 311-326.

Uk UKCIP (United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme) (2011). Identifying adaptation options. UKCIP, Oxford, UK

Un UNESCO (2012). Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT REPORT 4 VOLUME 1

Va Vale, L. (2013). The politics of resilient cities: whose resilience and whose city? Building Research & Information, 42:2, 191-201

V0 Van der Walt, A. (2011). Menlyn Maine Precinct Infrastructure Project Phase 1. Civil Engineering July 2011

V1 Van Dijk, M. (2012). Tapping untapped renewable energy. Civil Engineering. June 2012

Va Van Ginkel, C.E. (2011). Eutrophication: Present reality and future challenges for South Africa. Water SA, 37 (5)

Van Schalkwyk, C. (2013). Advanced processes applied - Roodeplaat WTW : water & wastewater. IMIESA 38 (9)

Vc Van Vuuren, L. (2008). Eutrophication. WaterWheel Sept/Oct 2008

Vd Van Zyl, H.J., Ilemobade, A.A., Van Zyl, J.E. & Geustyn, L.C. (2006). Evaluation of municipal water demand and related parameters in South Africa. School of Civil Engineering & Environmental Eng., Wits University. City of Jo’burg

Wa Walski, T., Bezts, W., Posluszny, E.T., Weir, M. & Whitman, B.E. (2006). Modeling leakage reduction through pressure control. Journal AWWA 98.4

Wh Whittington-Jones, K., Tandlich, R., Zuma, B.M., Hoossein, S & Villet, M.H. (2011). Performance of the pilot-scale mulch tower system in treatment of greywater from a low-cost housing development in the Buffalo City, South Africa. International Water Technology Journal, IWTJ Vol. I - Issue 2, September 2011

WH WHO (World Health organization) (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality - 4th ed. Geneva

Wi WISA , (2002). Handbook for the operation of wastewater treatment works. Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA). Midrand, RSA

Wright, H. (2011). Understanding green infrastructure: the development of a contested concept in England. Local Environment 16 (10) 1003–1019

Ww WWF (2018). Urgent call for decisive action on the water. The Ministerial Declaration of the 8th World Water Forum (WWF). Brasilia, Brazil, on 19th and 20th March 2018

Zh Zhou, Q., Quitzau, M., Hoffmann, B., Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. (2013). Towards Adaptive Urban Water Management: Up-Scaling Local Projects. International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction 2(1): 63-72

Zu Zuma, B.M. & Tandlich, R. (2010). Public Health Implications of Greywater Generation in South Africa: Testing a Greywater Treatment Model. South African Health Review 2010

Yin, R.K. (2009). Case study research: Design and Methods. 4th Edition. SAGE Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA